CHILD IMMUNISATION

Most diseases are infectious, they can be passed on from one person to another. Scientists study the structure, mode of life and life cycle of organisms responsible for transmitting diseases. They also study the method of transmission of diseases. These studies helps scientists to work out ways of preventing the spread of these diseases and of protecting people from contracting them, one method of preventing diseases is immunisation.
Immunisation is a method of preventing diseases by injecting or taking into the body specially treated disease causing organisms or their products. When such materials enter the human body, the body reacts as if the disease causing microbes are actually present, but the person does not fall ill. The body produces substances called antibodies destroy the disease causing microbes or their harmful products. Excess antibodies remain in the blood and if the individual comes in contact with any of the given diseases organisms, the antibodies stop the disease from developing. Children are usually immunized against seven diseases that commonly cause preventable death. These are poliomyelitis, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, yellow fever, whooping cough and diphtheria.
Vaccination inoculation and immunisation may be used to mean the same thing. Experts, however, make a clear distinction between them. Vaccination involves making some cuts on the skin with a sharp knife or razor before introducing the treated, weakened disease organisms through the cuts. Inoculation usually involves injecting the treated organisms into the body. Immunisation covers all method of introducing treated weakened, disease causing organisms into the body, including introduction by mouth. Immunisation of the child start during the pregnancy. The mother is to be given tetanus vaccine at the antenatal center.

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Natural soil

Natural soils are influenced by rainfall and temperature,heavy rain causes the soil to become leached. High temperatures increase the rate of decomposition of organic matter in the soil, thereby lowering its humus content. Thus, climatic conditions tend to produce poor soils in the tropics and rich soils in the temperate regions. Besides climate and vegetation, the parent rock material also contributes to the quality of the soil. For example volcanic rocks tend to produce fertile soils. Laterite, a red soil which is a product of leaching, is commonly found in the tropics. It is composed mainly of iron and aluminium compounds,and poor in humus and essential plant nutrients, such as phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. The black and brown soil of the temperate grasslands are the world's richest soils, with a high mineral and humus content. The light coloured desert soils tend to be very rich in minerals but have a low humus content. Mainly the soils ar...

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