Irrigation and drainage system

IRRIGATION:This is the artificial application of water to the soil or land in order to eliminate soil water handicap or insufficient rainfall to soil production.

IMPORTANCE:
(i) It enables crops to mature or increase their yield.
(ii) Provision of optimum environment for plant production.
(iii) It modifies both plants and soil climate.
(iv) To cool the soil and the atmosphere thereby making them conducive for growing crops.
(v) Softens tillage pans.
IRRIGATION SYSTEM: Irrigation system is divided into two :
(a) Surface Irrigation
(b) Subsurface Irrigation
EVALUATING LAND FOR IRRIGATION.
(i) The soil must be able and retain good quality water, i.e good water holding capacity.
(ii) Topography should be suitable for irrigation or of such a nature that the land can be levelled without exposing subsoil of undesirable characteristics.
(iii) Soil profile should be premeable so that drainage will not be impeded.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Drainage in the removal of excess water or lowering the ground water table to prevent water logging. The excess water may originate from direct Irrigation applications from slippage, reservoirs, canals and ditches or it may come into the area through Subsurface flows from other areas, where there is excess precipitation or Irrigation.

IMPORTANCE OF DRAINAGE

(i) It facilitates early Ploughing and planting.

(ii) Lengthens the crop growing season

(iii) provide more available soil moisture and plant nutrients by increasing the depth of the root zone.

(iv) Helps in soil aeration

(v) Decreases soil erosion and gullying by enhancing water infiltration into the soil.

METHOD OF DRAINAGE

(i) Surface and

(ii) Subsurface drainage.

Surface drainage :is the removal of excess water from the surface of the land using constructed open ditches, field drains, land grading and lateral ditches.

Subsurface drainage :is the use of topograpy undulating or soil vary and the field contains isolated wet spots.

PLANNING A DRAINAGE

(i) Survey of the general geology of the area

(ii) Measurement of depth to water table over the area at frequent intervals throughout the year.

(iii) Finding the direction of flow of ground water.

(iv) Estimate of the quantities of water that must be removed and the rate of removal

(v) surveys of the general topograpy of the area.

Comments

Why kids run away

Why Kids Run Away Remember how you felt the last time you got in a big fight with your parents or one of your brothers or sisters? That kind of anger and hurt can be what pushes someone to run away from home.These are problems faced by lots of kids and teens — and there are ways to deal with all of these problems besides running away. Kids who think about running away might not know how to solve tough problems or don't have adults to help them. Sometimes a really big problem can make it seem like running away is the only choice. Unfortunately, the problems kids hope to escape by running away are replaced by other — sometimes even bigger — problems of life on the streets. When you think about running away, you probably imagine that there will be no more rules, no parent to tell you what to do, no more fights. Sounds great and exciting, right? In reality, running away is anything but fun. Kids and teens who run away face new problems like not having any money, food to eat, a s...

THE RIVER CROSSING.

It is no military secret that an opposed river crossing operation is difficult even under ideal conditions. But without adequate standard equipment and with a poor level of training of soldiers and officers, it could become impossible. But the Army Headquarters and Supreme Headquarters had strongly advised against embarking on an opposed river crossing because of inadequacy of equipment and deficiency in the training of troops for such a semi-specialist operation. The Supreme Headquarters had advised on unopposed crossing while the division passed through 1 Division's secure position to capture the town. The Division commander decided to take a grave and calculated risk that could be called bravado. But if the operation had been successful, as it nearly was, it would have been one of the most praiseworthy operations of the entire war. In the end, it failed and the commander had to take the blame for it. The first landing, in which the Division Commander himself took part,...

HERNIA

Hernia occurs in an individual when part of the intestine pushes through the wall of the abdomen and appears as a bulge at the site. There are many sites where hernia can occur, although the commonly encountered type is that found in the groin. This type of hernia is known as femoral or inguinal hernia. Hernia may occur on the navel or near it. The hernia which occurs on the navel is called umbilical hernia, while that which occurs close to it is known as paraumbilical hernia. These two types of hernia are less common than the femoral type. Groin hernia occurs more commonly in males, but can also occur in females in a few cases. In this kind of hernia, there is a weakness in the abdominal wall in the groin region about midway across the groin. It may appear on either side or, sometimes on both sides. A good sign is that swelling increases, initially it can be pushed back manually into the body. Later on, it gets bigger still and lies almost permanently outside the body, especi...

Newsflashtalk.com Lifestyle, learning, health and food.

Search This Blog